Utah State Constitution

Preamble

Grateful to Almighty God for life and liberty, we, the people of Utah, in order to secure and perpetuate the principles of free government, do ordain and establish this CONSTITUTION.

 

Article I
Declaration of Rights

Section 1  [Inherent and inalienable rights.]

All men have the inherent and inalienable right to enjoy and defend their lives and liberties; to acquire, possess and protect property; to worship according to the dictates of their consciences; to assemble peaceably, protest against wrongs, and petition for redress of grievances; to communicate freely their thoughts and opinions, being responsible for the abuse of that right.

Section 2  [All political power inherent in the people.]

All political power is inherent in the people; and all free governments are founded on their authority for their equal protection and benefit, and they have the right to alter or reform their government as the public welfare may require.

Section 3  [Utah inseparable from the Union.]

The State of Utah is an inseparable part of the Federal Union and the Constitution of the United States is the supreme law of the land.

Section 4  [Religious liberty.]

The rights of conscience shall never be infringed. The State shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; no religious test shall be required as a qualification for any office of public trust or for any vote at any election; nor shall any person be incompetent as a witness or juror on account of religious belief or the absence thereof. There shall be no union of Church and State, nor shall any church dominate the State or interfere with its functions. No public money or property shall be appropriated for or applied to any religious worship, exercise or instruction, or for the support of any ecclesiastical establishment.

Section 5  [Habeas corpus.]

The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless, in case of rebellion or invasion, the public safety requires it.

Section 6  [Right to bear arms.]

The individual right of the people to keep and bear arms for security and defense of self, family, others, property, or the state, as well as for other lawful purposes shall not be infringed; but nothing herein shall prevent the Legislature from defining the lawful use of arms.

Section 7  [Due process of law.]

No person shall be deprived of life, liberty or property, without due process of law.

Section 8  [Offenses bailable.]

All prisoners shall be bailable by sufficient sureties, except for capital offenses when the proof is evident or the presumption strong.

Section 9  [Excessive bail and fines. Cruel punishments.]

Excessive bail shall not be required; excessive fines shall not be imposed; nor shall cruel and unusual punishments be inflicted. Persons arrested or imprisoned shall not be treated with unnecessary rigor.

Section 10  [Trial by jury.]

In capital cases the right of trial by jury shall remain inviolate. In courts of general jurisdiction, except in capital cases, a jury shall consist of eight jurors. In courts of inferior jurisdiction a jury shall consist of four jurors. In criminal cases the verdict shall be unanimous. In civil cases three-fourths of the jurors may find a verdict. A jury in civil cases shall be waived unless demanded.

Section 11  [Courts open. Redress of injuries.]

All courts shall be open, and every person, for an injury done to him in his person, property or reputation, shall have remedy by due course of law, which shall be administered without denial or unnecessary delay; and no person shall be barred from prosecuting or defending before any tribunal in this State, by himself or counsel, any civil cause to which he is a party.

Section 12  [Rights of accused persons.]

In criminal prosecutions the accused shall have the right to appear and defend in person and by counsel, to demand the nature and cause of the accusation against him, to have a copy thereof, to testify in his own behalf, to be confronted by the witnesses against him, to have compulsory process to compel the attendance of witnesses in his own behalf, to have a speedy public trial by an impartial jury of the county or district in which the offense is alleged to have been committed, and the right to appeal in all cases. In no instance shall any accused person, before final judgment, be compelled to advance money or fees to secure the rights herein guaranteed. The accused shall not be compelled to give evidence against himself; a wife shall not be compelled to testify against her husband, nor a husband against his wife, nor shall any person be twice put in jeopardy for the same offense.

Section 13  [Prosecution by information or indictment. Grand jury.]

Offenses heretofore required to be prosecuted by indictment, shall be prosecuted by information after examination and commitment by a magistrate, unless the examination be waived by the accused with the consent of the State, or by indictment, with or without such examination and commitment. The grand jury shall consist of seven persons, five of whom must concur to find an indictment; but no grand jury shall be drawn or summoned unless in the opinion of the judge of the district, public interest demands it.

Section 14  [Unreasonable searches forbidden. Issuance of warrant.]

The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures shall not be violated; and no warrant shall issue but upon probable cause supported by oath or affirmation, particularly describing the place to be searched, and the person or thing to be seized.

Section 15  [Freedom of speech and of the press. Libel.]

No law shall be passed to abridge or restrain the freedom of speech or of the press. In all criminal prosecutions for libel the truth may be given in evidence to the jury; and if it shall appear to the jury that the matter charged as libelous is true, and was published with good motives, and for justifiable ends, the party shall be acquitted; and the jury shall have the right to determine the law and the fact.

Section 16  [No imprisonment for debt. Exception.]

There shall be no imprisonment for debt except in cases of absconding debtors.

Section 17  [Elections to be free. Soldiers voting.]

All elections shall be free, and no power, civil or military, shall at any time interfere to prevent the free exercise of the right of suffrage. Soldiers, in time of war, may vote at their post of duty, in or out of the State, under regulations to be prescribed by law.

Section 18  [Attainder. Ex post facto laws. Impairing contracts.]

No bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts shall be passed.

 

Section 19  [Treason defined. Proof.]

Treason against the State shall consist only in levying war against it, or in adhering to its enemies or in giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act.

Section 20  [Military subordinate to the civil power.]

The military shall be in strict subordination to the civil power, and no soldier in time of peace, shall be quartered in any house without the consent of the owner; nor in time of war except in a manner to be prescribed by law.

Section 21  [Slavery forbidden.]

Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within this State.

Section 22  [Private property for public use.]

Private property shall not be taken or damaged for public use without just compensation.

Section 23  [Irrevocable franchises forbidden.]

No law shall be passed granting irrevocably any franchise, privilege or immunity.

Section 24  [Uniform operation of laws.]

All laws of a general nature shall have uniform operation.

Section 25  [Rights retained by people.]

This enumeration of rights shall not be construed to impair or deny others retained by the people.

Section 26  [Provisions mandatory and prohibitory.]

The provisions of this Constitution are mandatory and prohibitory, unless by express words they are declared to be otherwise.

Section 27  [Fundamental rights.]

Frequent recurrence to fundamental principles is essential to the security of individual rights and the perpetuity of free government.

ARTICLE II
STATE BOUNDARIES

Section 1  [State boundaries.]

The boundaries of the State of Utah shall be as follows: Beginning at a point formed by the intersection of the thirty-second degree of longitude west from Washington, with the thirty-seventh degree of north latitude; thence due west along said thirty-seventh degree of north latitude to the intersection of the same with the thirty-seventh degree of longitude west from Washington; thence due north along said thirty-seventh degree of east longitude to the intersection of the same with the forty-second degree of north latitude; thence due east along said forty-second degree of north latitude to the intersection of the same with the thirty-fourth degree of longitude west from Washington; thence due south along said thirty-fourth degree of west longitude to the intersection of the same with the forty-first degree of north latitude; thence due east along said forty-first degree of north latitude to the intersection of the same with the thirty-second degree of longitude west from Washington; thence due south along said thirty-second degree of west longitude to the place of beginning.

ARTICLE III
ORDINANCE

The following ordinance shall be irrevocable without the consent of the United States and the people of this State:

[Religious toleration. Polygamy forbidden.]

First:--Perfect toleration of religious sentiment is guaranteed. No inhabitant of this State shall ever be molested in person or property on account of his or her mode of religious worship; but polygamous or plural marriages are forever prohibited.

 

[Right to public domain disclaimed. Taxation of lands. Exemptions.]

Second:--The people inhabiting this State do affirm and declare that they forever disclaim all right and title to the unappropriated public lands lying within the boundaries hereof, and to all lands lying within said limits owned or held by any Indian or Indian tribes, and that until the title thereto shall have been extinguished by the United States, the same shall be and remain subject to the disposition of the United States, and said Indian lands shall remain under the absolute jurisdiction and control of the Congress of the United States. The lands belonging to citizens of the United States, residing without this State shall never be taxed at a higher rate than the lands belonging to residents of this State; nor shall taxes be imposed by this State on lands or property herein, belonging to or which may hereafter be purchased by the United States or reserved for its use; but nothing in this ordinance shall preclude this state from taxing, as other lands are taxed, any lands owned or held by any Indian who has severed his tribal relations, and has obtained from the United States or from any person, by patent or other grant, a title thereto, save and except such lands as have been or may be granted to any Indian or Indians under any act of Congress, containing a provision exempting the lands thus granted from taxation, which last mentioned lands shall be exempt from taxation so long, and to such extent, as is or may be provided in the act of Congress granting the same.

 

[Territorial debts assumed.]

Third:--All debts and liabilities of the Territory of Utah, incurred by authority of the Legislative Assembly thereof, are hereby assumed and shall be paid by this State.

 

[Free, nonsectarian schools.]

Fourth:--The Legislature shall make laws for the establishment and maintenance of a system of public schools, which shall be open to all the children of the State and be free from sectarian control.

ARTICLE IV
ELECTIONS AND RIGHT OF SUFFRAGE

Section 1  [Equal political rights.]

The rights of citizens of the State of Utah to vote and hold office shall not be denied or abridged on account of sex. Both male and female citizens of this State shall enjoy equally all civil, political and religious rights and privileges.

Section 2  [Qualifications to vote.]

Every citizen of the United States, of the age of twenty-one years and upwards, who shall have been a citizen for ninety days, and shall have resided in the State or Territory one year, in the county four months, and in the precinct sixty days next preceding any election, shall be entitled to vote at such election except as herein otherwise provided.

Section 3  [Electors: immunity from arrest.]

In all cases except those of treason, felony or breach of the peace, electors shall be privileged from arrest on the days of election, during their attendance at elections, and going to and returning therefrom.

Section 4  [Id. From militia duty.]

No elector shall be obliged to perform militia duty on the day of election except in time of war or public danger.

Section 5  [Electors to be citizens of U.S.]

No person shall be deemed a qualified elector of this State unless such person be a citizen of the United States.

Section 6  [Certain criminals, etc., ineligible to vote.]

No idiot, insane person or person convicted of treason, or crime against the elective franchise, unless restored to civil rights, shall be permitted to vote at any election, or be eligible to hold office in this State.

Section 7  [Property qualification forbidden, when.]

Except in elections levying a special tax or creating indebtedness, no property qualification shall be required for any person to vote or hold office.

Section 8  [Ballot to be secret.]

All elections shall be by secret ballot. Nothing in this section shall be construed to prevent the use of any machine or mechanical contrivance for the purpose of receiving and registering the votes cast at any election: Provided, That secrecy in voting be preserved.

Section 9  [Elections, when held. Terms begin, when.]

All general elections, except for municipal and school officers, shall be held on the Tuesday next following the first Monday in November of the year in which the election is held. Special elections may be held as provided by law. The terms of all officers elected at any general election, shall commence on the first Monday in January next following the date of their election. Municipal and School officers shall be elected at such time as may be provided by law.

Section 10  [Oath of office.]

All officers made elective or appointive by this Constitution or by the laws made in pursuance thereof, before entering upon the duties of their respective offices, shall take and subscribe the following oath or affirmation:

"I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will support, obey and defend the Constitution of the United States and the Constitution of this State, and that I will discharge the duties of my office with fidelity."

ARTICLE V
DISTRIBUTION OF POWERS

Section 1  [Three departments of government.]

The powers of the government of the State of Utah shall be divided into three distinct departments, the Legislative, the Executive, and the Judicial; and no person charged with the exercise of powers properly belonging to one of these departments, shall exercise any functions appertaining to either of the others, except in the cases herein expressly directed or permitted.

ARTICLE VI
LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT

Section 1  [Power vested in senate and house.]

The Legislative power of the State shall be vested in a Senate and House of Representatives, which shall be designated The Legislature of the State of Utah.

Section 2  [Time of regular sessions.]

Regular Sessions of the Legislature shall be held bi-ennially at the seat of government; and, except the first session thereof shall begin on the second Monday in January next after the election of members of the House of Representatives.

Section 3  [Members, how and when chosen.]

The members of the House of Representatives, after the first election, shall be chosen by the qualified electors of the respective representative districts, on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November, 1896, and biennially thereafter. Their term of office shall be two years, from the first day of January next after their election.

Section 4  [Senators, how and when chosen.]

The senators shall be chosen by the qualified electors of the respective senatorial districts, at the same times and places as members of the House of Representatives, and their term of office shall be four years from the first day of January next after their election: Provided, That the senators elected in 1896 shall be divided by lot into two classes as nearly equal as may be; seats of senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expiration of two years, and those of the second class at the expiration of four years; so that one-half, as nearly as possible, shall be chosen biennially thereafter. In case of increase in the number of senators, they shall be annexed by lot to one or the other of the two classes, so as to keep them nearly equal as practicable.

Section 5  [Who eligible as legislator.]

No person shall be eligible to the office of senator or representative, who is not a citizen of the United States, twenty-five years of age, a qualified voter in the district from which he is chosen, a resident for three years of the State, and for one year of the district from which he is elected.

Section 6  [Who ineligible.]

No person holding any public office of profit or trust under authority of the United States, or of this State, shall be a member of the Legislature: Provided, That appointments in the State Militia, and the offices of notary public, justice of the peace, United States commissioner, and postmaster of the fourth class, shall not, within the meaning of this section, be considered offices of profit or trust.

Section 7  [Ineligibility of member to office created, etc.] No member of the Legislature, during the term for which he was elected, shall be appointed or elected to any civil office of profit under this State, which shall have been created, or the emoluments of which shall have been increased, during the term for which he was elected.

Section 8  [Privilege from arrest.]

Members of the Legislature, in all cases except treason, felony or breach of the peace, shall be privileged from arrest during each session of the Legislature, for fifteen days next preceding each session, and in returning therefrom; and for words used in any speech or debate in either house, they shall not be questioned in any other place.

Section 9  [Compensation of members.]

The members of the Legislature shall receive such per diem and mileage as the Legislature may provide, not exceeding four dollars per day, and ten cents per mile for the distance necessarily traveled going to and returning from the place of meeting on the most usual route, and they shall receive no other pay or perquisite.

Section 10  [Each house to judge of election, etc., of its members. Expulsion.]

Each house shall be the judge of the election and qualifications of its members, and may punish them for disorderly conduct, and with the concurrence of two-thirds of all the members elected, expel a member for cause.

Section 11  [Majority is quorum. Attendance compelled.]

A majority of the members of each house shall constitute a quorum to transact business, but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may compel the attendance of absent members in such manner and under such penalties as each house may prescribe.

Section 12  [Rules. Choosing officers.]

Each house shall determine the rules of its proceedings and choose its own officers and employees.

Section 13  [Elections to fill vacancies.]

The Governor shall issue writs of election to fill vacancies that may occur in either house of the Legislature.

Section 14  [Journals. Yeas and nays.]

Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, which, except in case of executive sessions, shall be published, and the yeas and nays on any question, at the request of five members of such house, shall be entered upon the journal.

Section 15  [Sessions to be public. Adjournments.]

All sessions of the Legislature, except those of the Senate while sitting in executive session, shall be public; and neither house, without the consent of the other, shall adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which it may be holding session.

Section 16  [Duration of sessions.]

No regular session of the Legislature (except the first, which may sit ninety days) shall exceed sixty days, except in cases of impeachment. No special session shall exceed thirty days, and in such special session, or when a regular session of the Legislature trying cases of impeachment exceeds sixty days, the members shall receive for compensation only the usual per diem and mileage.

Section 17  [Impeachment by house.]

The House of Representatives shall have the sole power of impeachment, but in order to impeach, two-thirds of all the members elected must vote therefor.

Section 18  [Id. Trial by Senate.]

All impeachments shall be tried by the Senate, and senators, when sitting for that purpose, shall take oath or make affirmation to do justice according to the law and the evidence. When the Governor is on trial, the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court shall preside. No person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two-thirds of the senators elected.

Section 19  [Id. Judgment. Prosecution by law.]

The Governor and other State and Judicial officers, except justices of the peace, shall be liable to impeachment for high crimes, misdemeanors, or malfeasance in office; but judgment in such cases shall extend only to removal from office and disqualification to hold any office of honor, trust or profit in the State. The party, whether convicted or acquitted, shall, nevertheless, be liable to prosecution, trial and punishment according to law.

Section 20  [Id. Service of articles.]

No person shall be tried on impeachment, unless he shall have been served with a copy of the articles thereof, at least ten days before the trial, and after such service he shall not exercise the duties of his office until he shall have been acquitted.

Section 21  [Removal of officers.]

All officers not liable to impeachment shall be removed for any of the offenses specified in this article, in such manner as may be provided by law.

Section 22  [Enacting clause. Passage and amendments of law.]

The enacting clause of every law shall be: "Be it enacted by the Legislature of the State of Utah," and no bill or joint resolution shall be passed, except with the assent of the majority of all the members elected to each house of the Legislature and after it has been read three times. The vote upon the final passage of all bills shall be by yeas and nays; and no law shall be revised or amended by reference to its title only; but the act as revised, or section amended, shall be re-enacted and published at length.

Section 23  [Bill to contain only one subject.]

Except general appropriation bills, and bills for the codification and general revision of laws, no bill shall be passed containing more than one subject, which shall be clearly expressed in its title.

Section 24  [Presiding officers to sign bills.]

The presiding officer of each house, in the presence of the house over which he presides, shall sign all bills and joint resolutions passed by the Legislature, after their titles have been publicly read immediately before signing, and the fact of such signing shall be entered upon the journal.

Section 25  [When acts take effect.]

All acts shall be officially published, and no act shall take effect until so published; nor until sixty days after the adjournment of the session at which it passed, unless the Legislature by a vote of two-thirds of all the members elected to each house, shall otherwise direct.

Section 26  [Enumeration of private laws forbidden.]

The Legislature is prohibited from enacting any private or special laws in the following cases:

1. Granting divorce.

2. Changing the names of persons or places, or constituting one person the heir-at-law of another.

3. Locating or changing county seats.

4. Regulating the jurisdiction and duties of Justices of the Peace.

5. Punishing crimes and misdemeanors.

6. Regulating the practice of courts of justice.

7. Providing for a change of venue in civil or criminal actions.

8. Assessing and collecting taxes.

9. Regulating the interest on money.

10. Changing the law of descent or succession.

11. Regulating county and township affairs.

12. Incorporating cities, town or villages; changing or amending the charter of any city, town or village; laying out, opening, vacating or altering town plats, highways, streets, wards, alleys or public grounds.

13. Providing for sale or mortgage of real estate belonging to minors or others under disability.

14. Authorizing persons to keep ferries across streams within the State.

15. Remitting fines, penalties or forfeitures.

16. Granting to an individual, association or corporation any privilege, immunity or franchise.

17. Providing for the management of common schools.

18. Creating, increasing or decreasing fees, percentages or allowances of public officers during the term for which said officers are elected or appointed.

The Legislature may repeal any existing special law relating to the foregoing subdivisions.

In all cases where a general law can be applicable, no special law shall be enacted.

Nothing in this section shall be construed to deny or restrict the power of the legislature to establish and regulate the compensation of fees of county and township officers; to establish and regulate the rates of freight, passage, toll and charges of railroads, toll roads, ditch, flume and tunnel companies, incorporated under the laws of the State or doing business therein.

Section 27  [Legislature cannot release certain debts.]

The Legislature shall have no power to release or extinguish, in whole or in part, the indebtedness, liability or obligation of any corporation or person to the state, or to any municipal corporation therein.

 

Section 28  [Lotteries forbidden.]

The Legislature shall not authorize any game of chance, lottery or gift enterprise under any pretense or for any purpose.

Section 29  [Municipal powers not to be delegated.]

The legislature shall not delegate to any special commission, private corporation or association, any power to make, supervise or interfere with any municipal improvement, money, property or effects, whether held in trust or otherwise, to levy taxes, to select a capitol site, or to perform any municipal functions.

 

Section 30  [Extra compensation to officers and contractors forbidden.]

The Legislature shall have no power to grant, or authorize any county or municipal authority to grant, any extra compensation, fee or allowance to any public officer, agent, servant or contractor, after service has been rendered or a contract has been entered into and performed in whole or in part, nor pay or authorize the payment of any claim hereafter created against the State, or any county or municipality of the State, under any agreement or contract made without authority of law: Provided, That this section shall not apply to claims incurred by public officers in the execution of the laws of the State.

Section 31  [Lending public credit forbidden.]

The Legislature shall not authorize the State, or any county, city, town, township, district or other political subdivision of the State to lend its credit or subscribe to stock or bonds in aid of any railroad, telegraph or other private individual or corporate enterprise or undertaking.



 

ARTICLE VII
EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT

Section 1. [Executive department. Terms, residence, and duties of officers.]

The Executive Department shall consist of Governor, Secretary of State, State Auditor, State Treasurer, Attorney General, and Superintendent of Public Instruction, each of whom shall hold his office for four years beginning on the first Monday of January next after his election, except that the terms of office of those elected at the first election shall begin when the State shall be admitted into the Union, and shall end on the first Monday in January, A.D. 1901. The officers of the Executive Department, during their terms of office, shall reside at the seat of government, where they shall keep the public records, books and papers. They shall perform such duties as are prescribed by this Constitution and as may be provided by law.

Section 2. [Election. Tie: legislature to elect.]

The officers provided for in section one of this article, shall be elected by the qualified electors of the State at the time and place of voting for members of the Legislature, and the persons respectively having the highest number of votes cast for the office voted for shall be elected; but if two or more shall have an equal and the highest number of votes for any one of said offices, the two houses of the Legislature, at its next regular session, shall elect forthwith by joint ballot one of such persons for said office.

Section 3. [Qualifications of governor, etc.]

No person shall be eligible to the office of Governor or Secretary of State unless he shall have attained the age of thirty years at the time of his election, nor to the office of Attorney-General unless he shall have attained the age of twenty-five years at the time of his election, and have been admitted to practice in the Supreme Court of the Territory or of the State of Utah, nor unless he shall be in good standing at the bar at the time of his election. No person shall be eligible to any of the offices provided for in section one of this article, unless at the time of his election he shall be a qualified elector, and shall have been a resident citizen of the State or Territory for five years next preceding his election. The State Auditor and State Treasurer shall be ineligible to election as their own successors.

Section 4. [Governor commander-in-chief.]

The Governor shall be Commander-in-Chief of the military forces of the State, except when they shall be called into the service of the United States. He shall have power to call out the militia to execute the laws, to suppress insurrection, or to repel invasion.

Section 5. [Duties of governor.]

The Governor shall see that the laws are faithfully executed; he shall transact all executive business with the officers of the government, civil and military, and may require information in writing from the officers of the Executive Department, and from the officers and managers of State Institutions upon any subject relating to the condition, management, and expenses of their respective offices and institutions, and at any time when the Legislative Assembly is not in session, may, if he deem it necessary, appoint a committee to investigate and report to him upon the condition of any executive office or State Institution. He shall communicate by message the condition of the State to the Legislature at every regular session, and recommend such measures as he may deem expedient.

Section 6. [Id. May convene extra session.]

On extraordinary occasions, the Governor may convene the Legislature by proclamation, in which shall be stated the purpose for which the Legislature is to be convened, and it shall transact no legislative business except that for which it was especially convened, or such other legislative business as the Governor may call to its attention while in session. The Legislature, however, may provide for the expenses of the session and other matters incidental thereto. The Governor may also by proclamation convene the Senate in extraordinary session for the transaction of executive business.

Section 7. [Id. May adjourn legislature, when.]

In case of a disagreement between the two houses of the Legislature at any special session, with respect to the time of adjournment, the Governor shall have power to adjourn the Legislature to such time as he may think proper: Provided, it be not beyond the time fixed for the convening of the next Legislature.

Section 8.  [Bills presented to governor. Veto. Appropriation bills.]

Every bill passed by the Legislature, before it becomes a law, shall be presented to the Governor; if he approve, he shall sign it, and thereupon it shall become a law; but if he do not approve, he shall return it with his objections to the house in which it originated, which house shall enter the objections at large upon its journal and proceed to reconsider the bill. If, after such reconsideration, it again passes both houses by a yea and nay vote of two-thirds of the members elected to each house, it shall become a law, notwithstanding the Governor's objections. If any bill be not returned within five days after it shall have been presented to him, (Sunday, and the day on which he received it excepted,) the same shall be a law in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the Legislature by its final adjournment prevent such return, in which case it shall be filed with his objections in the office of the Secretary of State within ten days after such adjournment (Sundays excepted) or become a law. If any bill presented to the Governor contain several items of appropriations of money, he may object to one or more such items, while approving other portions of the bill; in such case he shall append to the bill at the time of signing it, a statement of the item or items which he declines to approve, together with his reasons therefore, and such item or items shall not take effect unless passed over the Governor's objection as in this section provided.

Section 9 [Governor may fill certain vacancies.]

When any State or district office shall become vacant, and no mode is provided by the Constitution and laws for filling such vacancy, the Governor shall have the power to fill the same by granting a commission, which shall expire at the next election, and upon qualification of the person elected to such office.

Section 10 [Governor's appointive power. Vacancies.]

The Governor shall nominate, and by and with the consent of the Senate, appoint all State and district officers whose offices are established by this Constitution, or which may be created by law, and whose appointment or election is not otherwise provided for. If, during the recess of the Senate, a vacancy occur in any State or district office, the Governor shall appoint some fit person to discharge the duties thereof until the next meeting of the Senate, when he shall nominate some person to fill such office. If the office of justice of the supreme or district court, Secretary of State, State Auditor, State Treasurer, Attorney-General or Superintendent of Public Instruction be vacated by death, resignation or otherwise, it shall be the duty of the Governor to fill the same by appointment, and the appointee shall hold his office until his successor shall be elected and qualified, as may be by law provided.

Section 11. [Vacancy in office of governor.]

In case of the death of the Governor, or his impeachment, removal from office, inability to discharge the duties of his office, resignation, or absence from the State, the powers and duties of said office shall devolve upon the Secretary of State, until the disability shall cease, or until the next general election, when the vacancy shall be filled by election. If, during a vacancy in the office of Governor, the Secretary of State resign, die or become incapable of performing the duties of the office, or be displaced, or be absent from the State, the President pro tempore of the senate shall act as Governor until the vacancy be filled or the disability cease. While performing the duties of the Governor as in this section provided, the Secretary of State, or the President pro tempore of the senate, as the case may be, except in cases of temporary disability, or absence from the State, shall be entitled to the salary and emoluments of the Governor.

Section 12. [Board of pardons. Respites and reprieves.]

Until otherwise provided by law, the Governor, Justices of the Supreme Court and Attorney-General shall constitute a Board of Pardons, a majority of whom, including the Governor, upon such conditions, and with such limitations and restrictions as they deem proper, may remit fines and forfeitures, commute punishments, and grant pardons after convictions, in all cases except treason and impeachments, subject to such regulations as may be provided by law, relative to the manner of applying for pardons; but no fine or forfeiture shall be remitted, and no commutation or pardon granted, except after a full hearing before the Board, in open session, after previous notice of the time and place of such hearing has been given. The proceedings and decisions of the Board, with the reasons therefor in each case, together with the dissent of any member who may disagree, shall be reduced to writing, and filed, with all papers used upon the hearing, in the office of the Secretary of State.

The Governor shall have power to grant respites or reprieves in all cases of convictions for offenses against the State, except treason or conviction on impeachment; but such respites or reprieves shall not extend beyond the next session of the Board of Pardons; and such Board, at such session, shall continue or determine such respite or reprieve, or they may commute the punishment, or pardon the offense as herein provided. In case of conviction for treason, the Governor shall have the power to suspend execution of the sentence, until the case shall be reported to the Legislature at its next regular session, when the Legislature shall either pardon, or commute the sentence, or direct its execution; he shall communicate to the Legislature at each regular session, each case of remission of fine or forfeiture, reprieve, commutation or pardon granted since the last previous report, stating the name of the convict, the crime for which he was convicted, the sentence and its date, the date of remission, commutation, pardon or reprieve, with the reasons for granting the same, and the objections, if any, of any member of the Board made thereto.

Section 13. [State prison commissioners. Board of examiners.]

Until otherwise provided by law, the Governor, Secretary of State and Attorney-General shall constitute a Board of State Prison Commissioners, which Board shall have such supervision of all matters connected with the State Prison as may be provided by law. They shall, also, constitute a Board of Examiners, with power to examine all claims against the State except salaries or compensation of officers fixed by law, and perform such other duties as may be prescribed by law; and no claim against the State, except for salaries and compensation of officers fixed by law, shall be passed upon by the Legislature without having been considered and acted upon by the said Board of Examiners.

Section 14. [Insane asylum commissioners.]

Until otherwise provided by law, the Governor, State Treasurer and State Auditor shall constitute a Board of Insane Asylum Commissioners. Said Board shall have such supervision of all matters connected with the State Insane Asylum as may be provided by law.

Section 15. [Reform school commissioners.]

Until otherwise provided by law, the Governor, Attorney-General and Superintendent of Public Instruction shall constitute a Board of Reform School Commissioners. Said Board shall have such supervision of all matters connected with the State Reform School as may be provided by law.

Section 16. [Duties of secretary of state.]

The Secretary of State shall keep a record of the official acts of the Legislature and Executive Department of the State, and, when required, shall lay the same and all matters relative thereto before either branch of the Legislature, and shall perform such other duties as may be provided by law.

Section 17.  [Duties of auditor and treasurer.]

The Auditor shall be Auditor of Public Accounts, and the Treasurer shall be the custodian of public moneys, and each shall perform such other duties as may be provided by law.

 

Section 18. [Duties of attorney general.]

The Attorney-General shall be the legal adviser of the State Officers, and shall perform such other duties as may be provided by law.

Section19. [Superintendent of public instruction.]

The Superintendent of Public Instruction shall perform such duties as may be provided by law.

Section 20. [Compensation of state officers.]

The Governor, Secretary of State, Auditor, Treasurer, Attorney-General, Superintendent of Public Instruction and such other State and district officers as may be provided for by law, shall receive for their services quarterly, a compensation as fixed by law, which shall not be diminished or increased so as to affect the salary of any officer during his term, or the term next ensuing after the adoption of this Constitution, unless a vacancy occur, in which case the successor of the former incumbent shall receive only such salary as may be provided by law at the time of his election or appointment. The compensation of the officers provided for by this article, until otherwise provided by law, is fixed as follows:

Governor, Two Thousand Dollars per annum.

Secretary of State, Two Thousand Dollars per annum.

State Auditor, Fifteen Hundred Dollars per annum.

State Treasurer, One Thousand Dollars per annum.

Attorney-General, Fifteen Hundred Dollars per annum.

Superintendent of Public Instruction, Fifteen Hundred Dollars per annum.

The compensation for said officers as prescribed in this section, and in all laws enacted pursuant to this Constitution, shall be in full for all services rendered by said officers, respectively, in any official capacity or employment during their respective terms of office. No such officer shall receive for the performance of any official duty any fee for his own use, but all fees fixed by law for the performance by either of them of any official duty, shall be collected in advance and deposited with the State Treasurer quarterly to the credit of the State. The Legislature may provide for the payment of actual and necessary expenses of said officers while traveling in the State in the performance of official duty.

 

Section 21.  [Grants and commissions.]

All grants and commissions shall be in the name and by the authority of the State of Utah, sealed with the Great Seal of the State, signed by the Governor, and countersigned by the Secretary of State.

 

Section 22. [The great seal.]

There shall be a seal of the State, which shall be kept by the Secretary of State, and used by him officially. Said seal shall be called "The Great Seal of the State of Utah." The present seal of the Territory of Utah shall be the seal of the State until otherwise provided by law.

Section 23. [U.S. officials ineligible. Governor not eligible for senate.]

No person, while holding any office under the United States' government, shall hold any office under the State government of Utah, and the Governor shall not be eligible for election to the Senate of the United States during the term for which he shall have been elected Governor.

ARTICLE VIII
JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT

Section 1. [Judicial powers, how vested.]

The Judicial power of the State shall be vested in the Senate sitting as a court of impeachment, in a supreme court, in district courts, in justices of the peace, and such other courts inferior to the Supreme Court as may be established by law

Section2.  [Supreme court, how constituted. Terms..]

The Supreme Court shall consist of three judges; but after the year AD 1905, the Legislature may increase the number thereof to five. A majority of the judges constituting the court shall be necessary to form a quorum or render a decision. If a justice of the Supreme Court shall be disqualified from sitting in a cause before said court, the remaining judges shall call a district judge to sit with them on the hearing of such cause. The Judges of the Supreme Court shall be elected by the electors of the State at large. The term of office of the Judges of the Supreme Court, excepting as in this article otherwise provided, shall be six years. The Judges of the Supreme Court, immediately after the first election under this Constitution, shall be selected by lot, so that one shall hold office for the term of three years, one for the term of five years, and one for the term of seven years. The lots shall be drawn by the Judges of the Supreme Court, who, for that purpose, shall assemble at the seat of government; and they shall cause the result thereof to be certified by the Secretary of State, and filed in his office. The judge having the shortest term to serve, not holding his office by appointment or election to fill a vacancy, shall be the Chief Justice, and shall preside at all terms of the Supreme Court, and in case of his absence, the judge, having in like manner, the next shortest term, shall preside in his stead.

Section 3. [Id. Qualification of judges.]

Every Judge of the Supreme Court shall be at least thirty years of age, and, before his election, shall be a member of the bar, learned in the law, and a resident of the Territory or State of Utah for five years next preceding his election

Section 4. [Id. Jurisdiction. Terms.]

The Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction to issue writs of mandamus, certiorari, prohibition, quo warranto and habeas corpus. Each of the justices shall have power to issue writs of habeas corpus, to any part of the State, upon petition by or on behalf of any person held in actual custody, and may make such writs returnable before himself or the Supreme Court, or before any district court or judge thereof in the State. In other cases the Supreme Court Shall have appellate jurisdiction only, and power to issue writs necessary and proper for the exercise of that jurisdiction. The Supreme Court shall hold at least three terms every year, and shall sit at the capital of the State.

Section 5. [District courts, how constituted. Terms. Jurisdiction. Judge pro tempore.]

The State shall be divided into seven judicial districts, for each of which, at least one, and not exceeding three judges, shall be chosen by the qualified electors thereof. The term of office of the district judges shall be four years. Except that the District Judges elected at the first election shall serve until the first Monday in January, AD 1901, and until their successors shall have qualified. Until otherwise provided by law, a district court at the county seat of each county shall be held at least four times a year. All civil and criminal business arising in any county, must be tried in such county, unless a change of venue be taken, in such cases as may be provided by law. Each judge of a District Court shall be at least twenty-five years of age, a member of the bar, learned in the law, a resident of the Territory or State of Utah three years next preceding his election, and shall reside in the district for which he shall be elected. Any District Judge may hold a District Court in any county at the request of the judge of the district, and upon a request of the Governor, it shall be his duty to do so. Any cause in the District Court may be tried by a judge pro tempore, who must be a member of the bar, sworn to try the cause, and agreed upon by the parties, or their attorneys of record.

Section 6. [Id. Legislature may change districts.]

The Legislature may change the limits of any judicial district, or increase or decrease the number of districts, or the judges thereof. No alteration or increase shall have the effect of removing a judge from office. In every additional district established, a judge shall be elected by the electors thereof, and his term of office shall continue as provided in section five of this article.

Section 7. [Jurisdiction of district courts.]

The District Court shall have original jurisdiction in all matters civil and criminal, not excepted in this Constitution, and not prohibited by law; appellate jurisdiction from all inferior courts and tribunals, and a supervisory control of the same. The District Courts or any judge thereof, shall have power to issue writs of habeas corpus, mandamus, injunction, quo warranto, certiorari, prohibition and other writs necessary to carry into effect their orders, judgments and decrees, and to give them a general control over inferior courts and tribunals within their respective jurisdictions.

Section 8 [Justices of the peace. Jurisdiction, etc.]

The Legislature shall determine the number of justices of the peace to be elected, and shall fix by law their powers, duties and compensation. The jurisdiction of justices of the peace shall be as now provided by law, but the Legislature may restrict the same.

 

Section 9. [Appeals from district court: record, etc. From justices' courts.]

From all final judgments of the district courts, there shall be a right of appeal to the Supreme Court. The appeal shall be upon the record made in the court below, and under such regulations as may be provided by law. In equity cases the appeal may be on questions of both law and fact; in cases at law the appeal shall be on questions of law alone. Appeals shall also lie from the final orders and decrees of the Court in the administration of decedent estates, and in cases of guardianship, as shall be provided by law. Appeals shall also lie from the final judgment of justices of the peace in civil and criminal cases to the District Courts on both questions of law and fact, with such limitations and restrictions as shall be provided by law; and the decision of the District Courts on such appeals shall be final, except in cases involving the validity or constitutionality of a statute

Section 10. [County attorneys. Election, term, etc.]

A County Attorney shall be elected by the qualified voters of each county who shall hold his office for a term of two years. The powers and duties of County Attorneys, and such other attorneys for the State as the Legislature may provide, shall be prescribed by law. In all cases where the attorney for any county, or for the State, fails or refuses to attend and prosecute according to law, the court shall have power to appoint an attorney pro tempore.

Section 11. [Removal of judges from office.]

Judges may be removed from office by the concurrent vote of both houses of the Legislature, each voting separately; but two-thirds of the members to which each house may be entitled must concur in such vote. The vote shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the members voting for or against a judge, together with the cause or causes of removal, shall be entered on the journal of each house. The judge against whom the house may be about to proceed shall receive notice thereof, accompanied with a copy of the cause alleged for his removal, at least ten days before the day on which either house of the Legislature shall act thereon.

Section12. [Judges' salaries to remain fixed.]

The Judges of the Supreme and District Courts shall receive at stated times compensation for their services, which shall not be increased or diminished during the time for which they are elected.

Section 13. [Disqualification of judges.]

Except by consent of all the parties, no judge of the supreme or inferior courts shall preside in the trial of any cause where either of the parties shall be connected with him by affinity or consanguinity within the degree of first cousin, or in which he may have been of counsel, or in the trial of which he may have presided in any inferior court

Section14.  [Clerks of courts. Reporter.]

The Supreme Court shall appoint a clerk, and a reporter of its decisions, who shall hold their offices during the pleasure of the Court. Until otherwise provided, County Clerks shall be ex officio clerks of the District Courts in and for their respective counties, and shall perform other duties as may be provided by law.

Section 15. [Judges shall not appoint relatives to office.]

No person related to any judge of any court by affinity or consanguinity within the degree of first cousin, shall be appointed by such court or judge to, or employed by such court or judge in any office or duty in any court of which such judge may be a member.

 

Section16. [Judicial districts, how constituted.]

Until otherwise provided by law, the Judicial Districts of the State shall be constituted as follows:

First District:--The Counties of Cache, Box Elder and Rich.

Second District:--The Counties of Weber, Morgan and Davis.

Third District:--The Counties of Summit, Salt Lake and Tooele, in which there shall be elected three district judges.

Fourth District:--The Counties of Utah, Wasatch and Uintah.

Fifth District:--The Counties of Juab, Millard, Beaver, Iron and Washington.

Sixth District:--The Counties of Sevier, Piute, Wayne, Garfield and Kane.

Seventh District:--The Counties of San Pete, Carbon, Emery, Grand and San Juan

Section 17. [Courts of record.]

The Supreme Court and District Courts shall be courts of record, and each shall have a seal.

Section 18. [Style of process: "The State of Utah."]

The style of all process shall be, "The State of Utah," and all prosecutions shall be conducted in the name and by the authority of the same

Section 19. [But one form of civil action.]

There shall be but one form of civil action, and law and equity may be administered in the same action.

Section 20. [Salary of judges.]

Until otherwise provide by law, the salaries of supreme and district judges, shall be three thousand dollars per annum, and mileage, payable quarterly out of the State treasury.

Section 21. [Judges to be conservators of peace.]

Judges of the Supreme Court, District Courts, and justices of the peace, shall be conservators of the peace, and may hold preliminary examinations in cases of felony.

Section 22. [Judges to report defects in laws.]

District Judges may, at any time, report defects and omissions in the law to the Supreme Court, and the Supreme Court, on or before the first day of December of each year, shall report in writing to the Governor any seeming defect or omission in the law.

Section 23.  [Publication of decisions.]

The Legislature may provide for the publication of decisions and opinions of the Supreme Court, but all decisions shall be free to publishers

Section 24. [Effect of extending judges' terms.]

The terms of office of Supreme and District Judges may be extended by law, but such extension shall not affect the term for which any judge was elected.

Section 25 [Decisions of Supreme Court to be in writing.]

When a judgment or decree is reversed, modified or affirmed by the Supreme Court, the reasons therefor shall be stated concisely in writing, signed by the judges concurring, filed in the office of the Clerk of the Supreme Court, and preserved with a record of the case. Any judge dissenting therefrom, may give the reasons of his dissent in writing over his signature.

Section 26 [Id. Court to prepare syllabus.]

It shall be the duty of the court to prepare a syllabus of all the points adjudicated in each case, which shall be concurred in by a majority of the judges thereof, and it shall be prefixed to the published reports of the case.

Section 27. [Judge forfeits office by absence.]

Any judicial officer who shall absent himself from the State or district for more than ninety consecutive days, shall be deemed to have forfeited his office: Provided, That in case of extreme necessity, the Governor may extend the leave of absence to such time as the necessity therefor shall exist.

ARTICLE IX
CONGRESSIONAL AND LEGISLATIVE APPORTIONMENT

Section 1. [Election of congressman.]

One Representative in the Congress of the United States shall be elected from the State at large on the Tuesday next after the first Monday in November, AD 1895, and thereafter at such times and places, and in such manner as may be prescribed by law. When a new apportionment shall be made by Congress, the Legislature shall divide the State into congressional districts accordingly.

Section 2. [Decennial census to be taken.]

The Legislature shall provide by law for an enumeration of the inhabitants of the State, AD 1905, and every tenth year thereafter, and at the session next following such enumeration, and also at the session next following an enumeration made by the authority of the United States, shall revise and adjust the apportionment for senators and representatives on the basis of such enumeration according to ratios to be fixed by law

Section 3. [Number of members of legislature.]

The Senate shall consist of eighteen members, and the House of Representatives of forty-five members. The Legislature may increase the number of senators and representatives, but the senators shall never exceed thirty in number, and the number of representatives shall never be less than twice nor greater than three times the number of senators.

Section 4. [Senatorial districts, how formed.]

When more than one county shall constitute a senatorial district, such counties shall be contiguous, and no county shall be divided in the formation of such districts unless such county contains sufficient population within itself to form two or more districts, nor shall a part of any county be united with any other county in forming any district.

REPRESENTATIVE DISTRICTS

Until otherwise provided by law, representatives shall be apportioned among the several counties of the State as follows: Provided, That in any future apportionment made by the Legislature, each county shall be entitled to at least one representative.

The County of Box Elder shall constitute the First Representative District, and be entitled to one representative.

The County of Cache shall constitute the Second Representative District, and be entitled to three representatives.

The County of Rich shall constitute the Third Representative District, and be entitled to one representative.

The County of Weber shall constitute the Fourth Representative District, and be entitled to four representatives.

The County of Morgan shall constitute the Fifth Representative District, and be entitled to one representative.

The County of Davis shall constitute the Sixth Representative District, and be entitled to one representative.

The County of Tooele shall constitute the Seventh Representative District, and be entitled to one representative.

The County of Salt Lake shall constitute the Eighth Representative District, and be entitled to ten representatives.

The County of Summit shall constitute the Ninth Representative District, and be entitled to one representative.

The County of Wasatch shall constitute the Tenth Representative District, and be entitled to one representative.

The County of Utah shall constitute the Eleventh Representative District, and be entitled to four representatives.

The County of Uintah shall constitute the Twelfth Representative District, and be entitled to one representative.

The County of Juab shall constitute the Thirteenth Representative District, and be entitled to one representative.

The County of San Pete shall constitute the Fourteenth Representative District, and be entitled to two representatives.

The County of Carbon shall constitute the Fifteenth Representative District, and be entitled to one representative.

The County of Emery shall constitute the Sixteenth Representative District, and be entitled to one representative.

The County of Grand shall constitute the Seventeenth Representative District, and be entitled to one representative.

The County of Sevier shall constitute the Eighteenth Representative District, and be entitled to one representative.

The County of Millard shall constitute the Nineteenth Representative District, and be entitled to one representative.

The County of Beaver shall constitute the Twentieth Representative District, and be entitled to one representative.

The County of Piute shall constitute the Twenty-first Representative District, and be entitled to one representative.

The County of Wayne shall constitute the Twenty-second Representative District, and be entitled to one representative.

The County of Garfield shall constitute the Twenty-third Representative District, and be entitled to one representative.

The County of Iron shall constitute the Twenty-fourth Representative District, and be entitled to one representative.

The County of Washington shall constitute the Twenty-fifth Representative District, and be entitled to one representative.

The County of Kane shall constitute the Twenty-sixth Representative District, and be entitled to one representative.

The County of San Juan shall constitute the Twenty-seventh Representative District, and be entitled to one representative.

SENATORIAL DISTRICTS

Until otherwise provided by law, Senatorial Districts shall be constituted and numbered as follows:

The Counties of Box Elder and Tooele shall constitute the First District, and be entitled to one Senator.

The County of Cache shall constitute the Second District, and be entitled to one Senator.

The Counties of Rich, Morgan, and Davis shall constitute the Third District, and be entitled to one Senator.

The County of Weber shall constitute the Fourth District, and be entitled to two Senators.

The Counties of Summit and Wasatch shall constitute the Fifth District, and be entitled to one Senator.

The County of Salt Lake shall constitute the Sixth District, and be entitled to five Senators.

The County of Utah shall constitute the Seventh District, and be entitled to two Senators.

The Counties of Juab and Millard shall constitute the Eighth District, and be entitled to one Senator.

The County of San Pete shall constitute the Ninth District, and be entitled to one Senator.

The Counties of Sevier, Wayne, Piute, and Garfield shall constitute the Tenth District, and be entitled to one Senator.

The Counties of Beaver, Iron, Washington, and Kane shall constitute the Eleventh District, and be entitled to one Senator.

The Counties of Emery, Carbon, Uintah, Grand, and San Juan shall constitute the Twelfth District, and be entitled to one Senator.

ARTICLE X
EDUCATION

Section 1. [Free non-sectarian schools.]

The Legislature shall provide for the establishment and maintenance of a uniform system of public schools, which shall be open to all children of the State, and be free from sectarian control.

Section 2. [Public school system. Maintenance.]

The Public School system shall include kindergarten schools; common schools, consisting of primary and grammar grades; high schools; an Agricultural College; a University, and such other schools as the Legislature may establish. The common schools shall be free. The other departments of the system shall be supported as provided by law: Provided, That high schools may be maintained free in all cities of the first and second class now constituting school districts, and in such other cities and districts as may be designated by the Legislature. But where the proportion of school monies apportioned or accruing to any city or district shall not be sufficient to maintain all the free schools in such city or district, the high schools shall be supported by local taxation.

Section 3. [State school fund. Interest distributed.]

The proceeds of all lands that have been, or may be granted by the United States to this State, for the support of the common schools; the proceeds of all property that may accrue to the State by escheat or forfeiture; all unclaimed shares and dividends of any corporation incorporated under the laws of this State; the proceeds of the sale of timber, minerals or other property from school and State lands, other than those granted for specific purposes; and the five per centum of the net proceeds of the sales of public lands lying within the State, which shall be sold by the United States, subsequent to the admission of this State into the Union, shall be and remain a perpetual fund, to be called the State School Fund, the interest of which only, together with such other means as the Legislature may provide, shall be distributed among the several school districts according to the school population residing therein.

Section 4. [University and agricultural college located. Rights, etc.]

The location and establishment by existing laws of the University of Utah, and the Agricultural College are hereby confirmed, and all the rights, immunities, franchises and endowments heretofore granted or conferred, are hereby perpetuated unto said University and Agricultural College respectively.

Section 5. [Proceeds of land grants to constitute permanent funds.]

The proceeds of the sale of lands reserved by an Act of Congress, approved February 21st, 1855, for the establishment of the University of Utah, and of all the lands granted by an Act of Congress, approved July 16th, 1894, shall constitute permanent funds, to be safely invested and held by the State; and the income thereof shall be used exclusively for the support and maintenance of the different institutions and colleges, respectively, in accordance with the requirements and conditions of said Acts of Congress.

Section 6. [Separate control of city schools.]

In cities of the first and second class, the public school system shall be maintained and controlled, by the Board of Education of such cities, separate and apart from the counties in which said cities are located.

Section 7. [School funds guaranteed by state.]

All public School Funds shall be guaranteed by the State against loss or diversion.

 

Section 8. [State board of education.]

The general control and supervision of the Public School System shall be vested in a State Board of Education, consisting of the Superintendent of Public Instruction, and such other persons as the Legislature may provide.

Section 9. [Textbooks.]

Neither the Legislature nor the State Board of Education shall have power to prescribe textbooks to be used in the common schools.

Section 10. [Institutions for deaf, dumb and blind. Property. Fund.]

Institutions for the Deaf and Dumb, and for the Blind, are hereby established. All property belonging to the School for the Deaf and Dumb, heretofore connected with the University of Utah, shall be transferred to said Institution for the Deaf and Dumb. All the proceeds of the lands granted by the United States, for the support of a Deaf and Dumb Asylum, and for an Institution for the Blind, shall be a perpetual fund for the maintenance of said Institutions. It shall be a trust fund, the principal of which shall remain inviolate, guaranteed by the state against loss or diversion.

Section 11. [Metric system.]

The Metric System shall be taught in the public schools of the State.

Section 12. [No religious or partisan tests in schools.]

Neither religious nor partisan test or qualification shall be required of any person, as a condition of admission, as teacher or student, into any public educational institution of the State.

Section 13. [Public aid to church schools forbidden.]

Neither the Legislature nor any county, city, town, school district or other public corporation, shall make any appropriation to aid in the support of any school, seminary, academy, college, university or other institution, controlled in whole, or in part, by any church, sect or denomination whatever.

ARTICLE XI
COUNTIES, CITIES AND TOWNS

Section 1. [Existing counties, precincts, etc., recognized.]

The several counties of the Territory of Utah, existing at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, are hereby recognized as legal subdivisions of this State, and the precincts, and school districts, now existing in said counties, as legal subdivisions thereof, and they shall so continue until changed by law in pursuance of this article.

Section 2. [Removal of county seats.]

No County Seat shall be removed unless two-thirds of the qualified electors of the county, voting on the proposition at a general election, shall vote in favor of such removal, and two-thirds of the votes cast on the proposition shall be required to relocate a county seat. A proposition of removal shall not be submitted in the same county more than once in four years.

Section 3. [Changing county lines.]

No territory shall be stricken from any county unless a majority of the voters living in such territory, as well as of the county to which it is to be annexed, shall vote therefor, and then only under such conditions as may be prescribed by general law.

Section 4. [Uniform county government.]

The Legislature shall establish a system of County government, which shall be uniform throughout the State, and by general laws shall provide for precinct and township organizations.

Section 5. [Special municipal charters forbidden. ]

Corporations for municipal purposes shall not be created by special laws; the Legislature, by general laws, shall provide for the incorporation, organization, and classification of cities and towns in proportion to population; which laws may be altered, amended or repealed.

Section 6. [Municipalities forbidden to sell waterworks or rights.]

No municipal corporation, shall directly or indirectly, lease, sell, alien or dispose of any waterworks, water rights, or sources of water supply now, or hereafter to be owned or controlled by it; but all such waterworks, water rights and sources of water supply now owned or hereafter to be acquired by any municipal corporation, shall be preserved, maintained and operated by it for supplying its inhabitants with water at reasonable charges: Provided, That nothing herein contained shall be construed to prevent any such municipal corporation from exchanging water-rights, or sources of water supply, for other water-rights or sources of water supply of equal value, and to be devoted in like manner to the public supply of its inhabitants.

ARTICLE XII
CORPORATIONS

Section 1. [Corporations. Formation. Control.]

Corporations may be formed under general laws, but shall not be created by special acts. All laws relating to corporations may be altered, amended or repealed by the Legislature, and all corporations doing business in this State, may, as to such business, be regulated, limited or restrained by law.

Section 2. [Existing corporations to accept Constitution.]

All existing charters, franchises, special or exclusive privileges, under which an actual and bona fide organization shall not have taken place, and business been commenced in good faith, at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall thereafter have no validity; and no corporation in existence at the time of the adoption of this Constitution shall have the benefit of future legislation without first filing in the office of the Secretary of State, an acceptance of the provisions of this Constitution

Section 3. [Legislature not to extend or validate franchises.]

The Legislature shall not extend any franchise or charter, nor remit the forfeiture of any franchise or charter of any corporation now existing, or which shall hereafter exist under the laws of this State.

Section 4. ["Corporation" defined. Suits.]

The term "Corporation," as used in this article, shall be construed to include all associations and joint-stock companies having any powers or privileges of corporations not possessed by individuals or partnerships, and all corporations shall have the right to sue, and shall be subject to be sued, in all courts, in like cases as natural persons

Section 5. [Corporate stock. Issuance, increase, etc.]

Corporations shall not issue stock, except to bona fide subscribers thereof or their assignee, nor shall any corporation issue any bond, or other obligation, for the payment of money, except for money or property received, or labor done. The stock of corporations shall not be increased, except in pursuance of general law, nor shall any law authorize the increase of stock without the consent of the person or persons holding the larger amount in value of the stock, or without due notice of the proposed increase having previously been given in such manner as may be prescribed by law. All fictitious increase of stock or indebtedness shall be void.

Section 6. [Privileges of foreign corporations.]

No corporations organized outside of this State, shall be allowed to transact business within the State on conditions more favorable than those prescribed by law to similar corporations organized under the laws of this State

Section 7. [Limitation on alienation of franchise.]

No corporation shall lease or alienate any franchise, so as to relieve the franchise or property held thereunder from the liabilities of the lessor, or grantor, lessee or grantee, contracted or incurred in operation, use or enjoyment of such franchise or any of its privileges.

Section 8. [Consent of local authorities necessary to use of streets.]

No law shall be passed granting the right to construct and operate a street railroad, telegraph, telephone or electric light plant within any city or incorporated town, without the consent of the local authorities who have control of the street or highway proposed to be occupied for such purposes.

Section 9 [Place of business, process agent, etc.]

No corporation shall do business in this State, without having one or more places of business, with an authorized agent or agents, upon whom process may be served; nor without first filing a certified copy of its articles of incorporation with the Secretary of State.

Section 10. [Corporations limited to authorized objects.]

No corporation shall engage in any business other than that expressly authorized in its charter, or articles of incorporation

Section 11. [Franchises may be taken for public use.]

The exercise of the right of eminent domain shall never be so abridged or construed, as to prevent the Legislature from taking the property and franchises of incorporated companies, and subjecting them to public use the same as the property of individuals.

Section 12. [Common carriers.]

All railroad and other transportation companies are declared to be common carriers, and subject to legislative control; and such companies shall receive and transport each other's passengers and freight, without discrimination or unnecessary delay.

Section 13. [Competing railroads not to consolidate.]

No railroad corporation shall consolidate its stock, property or franchises with any other railroad corporation owning a competing line

Section 14. [Rolling stock considered personal property.]

The rolling stock, and other movable property, belonging to any railroad company or corporation in this State, shall be considered personal property, and shall be liable to taxation and to execution and sale, in the same manner as the personal property of individuals, and such property shall not be exempted from execution and sale.

 

Section 15. [Legislature to prescribe maximum rates. Discriminations.]

The Legislature shall pass laws establishing reasonable maximum rates of charges for the transportation of passengers and freight, for correcting abuses, and preventing discrimination and extortion in rates of freight and passenger tariffs by the different railroads, and other common carriers in the State, and shall enforce such laws by adequate penalties.

Section 16. [Armed bodies not enter state, when.]

No corporation or association shall bring any armed person or bodies of men into this State for the preservation of the peace, or the suppression of domestic trouble without authority of law.

Section 17. [Employee of corporation ineligible to municipal office, when.]

No officer, employee, attorney or agent of any corporation, company or association doing business under, or by virtue of any municipal charter or franchise, shall be eligible to or permitted to hold any municipal office, in the municipality granting such charter or franchise.

Section 18. [Liability of stockholders of banks.]

The stockholders in every corporation, and joint stock association for banking purposes, in addition to the amount of capital stock subscribed and fully paid by them, shall be individually responsible for an additional amount, equal to the amount of their stock in such corporation, for all its debts and liabilities of every kind

Section 19.  [Blacklisting forbidden.]

Every person in this State shall be free to obtain employment whenever possible, and any person, corporation, or agent, servant or employee thereof, maliciously interfering or hindering in any way, any person from obtaining, or enjoying employment already obtained, from any other corporation or person, shall be deemed guilty of a crime. The Legislature shall provide by law for the enforcement of this section

Section 20 [Trusts and combinations prohibited.]

Any combination by individuals, corporations, or associations, having for its object or effect the controlling of the price of any products of the soil, or of any article of manufacture or commerce, or the cost of exchange or transportation, is pro